Before the advent of Rel.17, IoT deployments were plagued by connectivity challenges, especially in remote and rural areas. Terrestrial networks often fall short in providing reliable coverage, resulting in data […]
Regenerative vs Transparent 5G NTN Satellite Architectures
What is Network Slicing? Is it Real?
Network Slicing is essentially the ability to divide your network into individual use cases, each tailored to provide specialised services. Traditionally, in 4G, the APN (Access Point Name) was probably […]
6G Role in Solving 5G Multiple Architecture Issue
For the introduction of 5G, 3GPP has specified five possible configurations, or ‘options’, for connecting to an EPC or a new 5G core network (six if the current 4G system […]
Why Synchronization is Critical in 5G Networks
Synchronization in 5G ensures precise timing and coordination across the network, enabling key technologies like TDD, beamforming, and ultra-low latency. 5G TDD networks utilise the same frequency for both uplink […]
Transparent 5G NTN NG-RAN Architecture
The 5G Non-Terrestrial Network (NTN) integrates satellite and airborne platforms with terrestrial 5G networks to provide ubiquitous coverage. The Next-Generation Radio Access Network (NG-RAN) architecture in 5G NTN can be designed to […]
Interworking Security Between 5G and EPC
Interworking security between 5G and EPC involves managing security contexts during mobility between the two systems. This ensures that the UE can maintain secure connections regardless of the access […]
2G and 3G Sunset is Not An Easy step for MNO
Sunsetting 2G and 3G networks is not an easy step for mobile network operators (MNOs) due to several technical, financial, and social factors. The decision isn’t just about technology—it’s about […]
Evolution of Network Core Signaling protocols
?Previous generations relied on the SS7 and Diameter protocols. The 5G network core is built on well-known Internet protocols such as HTTP and TLS. ? Security threats associated with 3G […]
Does the 5G icon on the phone indicate that it is using 5G while it’s 4G?
The Question is Actual 5G or Icon-only 5G! Recently, a new mobile app called SignalTracker showed that nearly 40% of 5G connections are actually 4G, as per PolicyTracker. Actual 5G […]
5G SA (Standalone) Status in 2025
When I started my 5G Journey in 2017, I first explored the 5G network versions: 5G NSA (Non-Standalone) and 5G SA (Standalone). Most MNOs envision starting with 5G NSA and […]
What is the difference between SUPI, SUCI and 5G-GUTI in 5G SA Networks?
Currently, I see some confusion regarding 5G identification and the purpose of each one, such as which network node generates them and the subscriber’s role. I summarized the 3 identifications […]