As of April 2025, the global landscape of Voice over LTE (VoLTE) roaming agreements has expanded significantly, reflecting the industry’s shift towards all-IP voice services and decommissioning legacy 2G/3G networks. […]
VoLTE Roaming Global Coverage (2025)
4G and 5G Electromagnetic Interference with Medical Devices in Hospitals
When I searched for the impact of 4G and 5G frequency spectrum on health/medical sector/hospitals, I found good Japanese research by NTT Docomo about this topic and here I concluded […]
Home Subscriber Server in One Page
Home Subscriber Server (HSS) is the main subscriber database used within the IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS) which provides details of the subscribers to other entities within the network.
What is VoLTE Roaming? Architecture Options and Challenges
The 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) architecture has introduced a subsystem known as the IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS) as an addition to the Packet-Switched (PS) domain. IMS supports new, IP-based […]
Power Consumption of 4G and 5G Networks
The fact of Sustainability in mobile networks starts with power reduction and meeting net-zero goals, and as we know wireless networks consume large amounts of resources, from electricity to raw […]
What is The Difference between MORAN and MOCN?
Mobile communication network sharing refers to the sharing of infrastructure or communication equipment among multiple operators. The infrastructure includes towers, buildings, and equipment rooms used for deploying base stations, whilst […]
SMS Evolution from 2G to 5G
SMS, Short Message Service, is a secure system that helps protect your customers’ and employees’ data and allows you to contact all users who have a mobile phone. ? In […]
Energy Usage Resources in Mobile Network Operators (MNOs)
There’re many factors that impact the energy consumption in the mobile network operators, some of them related to climate, population density, and data consumption levels, while others are related to […]
Call Session Control Function (CSCF) in IMS
The Call Session Control function (CSCF) is the heart of the IMS architecture and is used to process SIP (Session Initiation Protocol) signaling. The main function of the CSCF is […]
3GPP Releases, Main Features from 3G to 4G
3GPP specifications cover cellular telecommunications technologies, including radio access, core network, and service capabilities, which provide a complete system description for mobile telecommunications. In general, there are many wireless technologies […]
What is Control and User Plane Separation (CUPS)
Problem Statement As applications based on 5G become more widespread, the need for EPC to achieve higher speed and capacity communications, lower latency communications, and simultaneous connection of many terminals […]